1. Is there a specific legislation issued for the taxation of crypto-assets or do general national tax law principles apply because the tax legislator has not regulated this so far? There is no specific...

Introduction The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg stands out as one of the leading financial hubs for structuring asset managers’ debt strategies either through securitisation or debt fund structures (for debt fund structures, please click here). Indeed, it maintains a pioneering role in the credit financing landscape by reinforcing and updating its legal framework in line with the latest market trends. One major change was the 2022 amendments to the Law of 22 March 2004 on securitisation (the Luxembourg Securitisation Law) [1], which made securitisation a much more flexible and attractive regime, placing Luxembourg on the same playing field as the most important EU securitisation jurisdictions such as Ireland. Core benefits of the Luxembourg Securitisation Law Flexible methods of setting up a securitisation vehicle and legal forms The Luxembourg Securitisation Law allows for the set-up of securitisation vehicles (SVs) either as securitisation companies or securitisation funds managed by a management company. An SV in the form of a company may be set up as a tax-opaque corporate entity, such as a public limited liability company (société anonyme – SA) or a private limited liability company (société à responsabilité limitée – Sàrl), or a tax-transparent partnership, such as a special limited partnership (société en commandite spéciale – SCSp). Conversely, securitisation funds do not have legal personality (ergo tax transparent) as they are portfolios of assets managed by a Luxembourg management company. They can be structured either as co-ownership of their investors or as a fiduciary estate where the management company holds the securitised assets as fiduciary property, which will be segregated from its own assets. Possibility of creating compartments The Luxembourg Securitisation Law allows for the set-up of multiple compartments, permitting the segregation or so-called ring-fencing of assets and liabilities in each of the independent compartments of the vehicle. This possibility of creating separate compartments within an SV is almost unique in continental Europe and triggers a significant reduction of costs as well as formalities for multiple or repetitive transactions initiated by the same originator and/or arranger. Regulatory supervision SVs may be regulated or not. The key factor is the access to funds by the public. If an SV makes offers of financial instruments to the public on a continuous basis (i.e. more than three times during one financial year), then it will need to obtain a licence granted by the Luxembourg regulatory authority, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (the CSSF). However, if the SV is primarily engaged in private placements of financial instruments and occasional public offerings (subject to the relevant conditions), this authorisation will not be required. Risks that can be securitised It is generally agreed that one of the major advantages of Luxembourg’s Securitisation Law is that any foreseeable income or risk stream can be securitised. Added to this, assets that will arise in the future can also be part of a securitisation transaction. Some of the assets that may be securitised are those listed below:debt and equity se­cur­it­ies;busi­ness, commercial and mortgage loans, including non-performing loans (NPLs);credit card and trade re­ceiv­ables;rights and receivables related to financial contracts and/or operating busi­nesses/com­mod­it­ies, and assets covered by financial leases;real estate; andintellectual property rights. Multiple ways of financing an SV The Luxembourg legal framework is quite flexible and permits the financing of the SV through a multitude of ways, including, inter alia, the issuance of financial instruments, including all types of debt security such as bonds, notes, certificates in registered, bearer or dematerialised form, options, warrants, futures conferring the right to acquire shares, or any contracting instrument evidencing claim rights such as loans or promissory notes. It is also possible for an SV to be financed through equity securities and/or beneficiary shares. Active management of CLOs and CDOs Under the Luxembourg's recently amended Securitisation Law, SVs, when issuing financial instruments through private placement, are permitted to actively manage pools of risks, consisting of debt securities, debt financial instruments or claims. This change expanded the scope of the Luxembourg debt market by welcoming the so-called collateralised loan obligations (CLOs) or collateralised debt obligations (CDOs). Statutory subordination for different types of financial instrument The Luxembourg Securitisation Law provides for the subordination of different types of debt and equity instrument issued by an SV. The instruments issued by an SV in corporate form are classified in the following order, starting with the senior in­stru­ments:fixed income debt in­stru­ments;non-fixed income debt in­stru­ments;be­ne­fi­ciary shares;shares; andcorporate units or partnership interests,unless the rank of the rights of investors and creditors is defined differently in the provisions of the articles of incorporation, the management regulations or any agreement entered into by the SV. Favourable tax regime The tax benefits provided by the Luxembourg Securitisation Law and Luxembourg’s tax framework constitute one of the most crucial elements in selecting this as the ideal jurisdiction for setting asset managers’ debt strategies. Tax-opaque SVs (SA or Sàrl) are fully taxable and subject to corporate income tax, municipal business tax and an employment funds’ contribution (income taxes) in Luxembourg (resulting in an aggregate rate of 24.94% in Luxembourg City for 2024).  However, tax-opaque SVs benefit from a special tax deduction right pursuant to which commitments (which are generally considered to include any dividends and interest charges) vis-à-vis shareholders and creditors are generally considered as operating expenses and thus are tax deductible (except if specific rules restricting such deduction apply, e.g. interest deduction limitation rules, or interest due to investors in EU non-cooperative or “blacklisted jur­is­dic­tions”). SVs are exempt from net wealth tax (except for the annual minimum net wealth tax, which generally amounts to EUR 4,815). Dividend distributions and interest accrued or paid by tax-opaque SVs are not subject to withholding tax in Luxembourg (except for certain interest payments made to Luxembourg tax resident individuals). With regard to value added tax, qualifying management services received by an SV incorporated in Luxembourg are exempt. Generally, SVs are not obliged to register for value added tax purposes in Luxembourg except when receiving VAT taxable services from abroad, namely accounting or legal services. Furthermore, tax-opaque SVs are in principle fully entitled to benefit from more than 80 double tax treaties that Luxembourg has signed and are currently in force. SVs under the partnership form (SCS or SCSp) are in principle tax transparent and are therefore generally not subject to income taxes, nor to net wealth tax in Luxembourg. This is subject to Luxembourg “reverse hybrid” rules being applicable in relation to income taxes. There is no withholding on profit distributions or interest accrued or paid by an SV in the form of a partnership (except for certain interest payments made to Luxembourg tax resident individuals). Value added tax effects are in principle the same as for tax-opaque SVs. Such vehicles are in principle not entitled to double tax treaty benefits. Finally, although the Luxembourg Securitisation Law allows for the creation of compartments, this is disregarded from a tax perspective, meaning that the SV is considered as a single taxpayer. Increased investor protection Ensuring increased investor protection is one of the most significant aspects of the Luxembourg Securitisation Law. The bankruptcy remoteness principle separates securitised assets from any insolvency risks of the SV or originator, service provider and all other parties involved. Therefore, in the event of the bankruptcy of the originator or of the services entrusted by the SV with the collection of cash flows from the assets, the Luxembourg Securitisation Law stipulates that the SV is entitled to claim the transfer of ownership of the securitised assets and any cash received on its behalf before the opening of liquidation proceedings. Also, the Luxembourg Securitisation Law allows for contractual provisions that are valid and enforceable and which aim to protect the SV from the individual interests of involved parties, consequently enhancing the SV’s protection as follows:claim subordination pro­vi­sion;non-re­course pro­vi­sion;non-pe­ti­tion provision; andnon-seizure of assets. In addition, the Luxembourg Securitisation Law provides that assets are exclusively available to satisfy investors’ claims on an SV, or a compartment in the case of several compartments, and to satisfy creditors’ claims in respect of those assets. Thus, compartment segregation prevents insolvency contamination between different compartments and provides limited recourse to the assets of a given compartment only. Conclusion Luxembourg is undoubtedly your key European gateway to structuring your next securitisation project, offering a wide range of benefits, including, inter alia, an array of possible corporate forms, flexible financing methods, the possibility to actively manage a debt portfolio under certain conditions, new rules on the creation of compartments and an attractive tax regime. Alternatively, for additional insights and ways into organising your debt strategy in Luxembourg and exploring potential opportunities, please see the following article. Do not wait any longer to get your project started! Get in touch now with our Capital Markets experts: Aurélien Hollard, José Ocaña, and Stamatina Stylianopoulou as well as our securitisation tax specialists: Frédéric Feyten, Alejandro Dominguez, and Pierre George.[1] https://www. cssf. lu/wp-con­tent/up­loads/L_220304_se­cur­it­isa­tion. pdf.

1. Has there been a formal indication of the intention to implement Pillar Two/GloBE rules? Yes. 2. What is the implementation status of Pillar Two/GloBE rules? 4 August 2023: in view of implementing...

FATCA and CRS are two important tax compliance regulations that (Foreign) Financial Institutions in Luxembourg must comply with. Certain (Foreign) Financial Institutions must submit (Zero) reporting to the ACD by 30th June 2023, for the fiscal year 2022.