Standard of due care
The standard of due care for directors is to act as a prudent businessperson and to keep the company’s trade secrets. Directors who breach this standard are jointly and severally liable to the company. In proceedings to establish whether a breach exists towards the company, directors bear the burden of proof to show that they exercised due care.
(As mentioned above, special rules apply to the liability of directors towards the company’s creditors and shareholders, which may be triggered in certain, rather exceptional, cases.)
Actions specifically defined as breaches by the Companies Act
Without limiting the general rule on breach of duties, the Companies Act prescribes certain breaches when directors are especially liable for damages. This would be the case, for example, if some of the following are made contrary to the law:
- repayment of shareholders’ contributions into the company
- payment of dividends or interests to shareholders
- subscribe for, acquire, take as a pledge or redeem the treasury shares of the company or another company
- distributing the assets of the company
- making payments once the company becomes insolvent or over-indebted
- payment of renumeration to supervisory board members, or
- granting loan(s).
Special liability related to capital maintenance rules
The Companies Act contains a general prohibition against making payments to shareholders contrary to capital maintenance rules. Therefore, if the management board executes a non-arm’s length agreement with the company’s shareholder(s), additional liability may be triggered, i.e. in addition to general liability for damages, directors may be requested to compensate payments made to shareholders contrary to capital maintenance rules.
Limitations periods for filing claims
The general limitation period for filing claims arising from a breach of duty of due care is 5 years from the date on which the claim arises.
Criminal liability related to financial difficulties
In addition to the criminal offences prescribed by the Croatian Criminal Act, the Companies Act prescribes a few specific offences, including ones related to directors’ duties in a period of financial difficulties. Namely, if directors fail to call a shareholders’ meeting in the case of loss described in point 10 above, or fail to initiate bankruptcy proceedings within the deadline prescribed by the law, they may be held criminally liable.
Liability under other laws
A breach of directors’ obligations under tax and social security legislation may lead to the imposition of fines, or even to the personal liability of directors, in accordance with relevant laws.
Likewise, various fines may be imposed against directors under other specific laws (e.g. the Act on Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing if they fail to comply with their duties regarding keeping and registering relevant information on ultimate beneficial owners, etc.).
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